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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

 
Understanding FGM

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is a deeply rooted cultural practice in certain communities, often carried out under the guise of tradition, modesty, or social acceptance. However, FGM is internationally recognized as a violation of the human rights of girls and women, causing lifelong physical and psychological trauma.

Statistical Data on FGM

Global Statistics

  • According to UNICEF, at least 200 million girls and women alive today in 30 countries have undergone FGM.

  • The practice is most prevalent in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and some Asian countries, but also occurs among diaspora communities in Europe, North America, and Australia.

  • An estimated 4 million girls are at risk of undergoing FGM every year globally.

India-Specific Context

  • Though India is not officially listed among high-prevalence countries, FGM exists primarily within the Dawoodi Bohra Muslim community, where it is referred to as "Khatna" or "Khafz."

  • A study by WeSpeakOut and Nari Samata Manch (2017) estimated that 75% of Bohra women surveyed had undergone FGM.

  • Lack of nationwide data and legal clarity contributes to the invisibility of this issue.

Consequences and Drawbacks

  • Physical Health Risks: Severe pain, excessive bleeding, infections, urinary problems, childbirth complications, and even death.

  • Psychological Trauma: Long-term emotional distress, depression, PTSD, and sexual dysfunction.

  • Violation of Rights: Denial of bodily autonomy and freedom; it reinforces gender inequality and discrimination.

  • Lack of Legal Framework: In countries like India, FGM is not explicitly banned, although it may fall under child protection or assault laws.

Global Efforts and Solutions

  1. Legislation: Over 40 countries, including Nigeria, Kenya, and the UK, have banned FGM. Stronger laws and enforcement are crucial.

  2. Community Education: Grassroots awareness campaigns that involve religious and community leaders help change social norms.

  3. Medical Training & Reporting: Health professionals play a critical role in identifying and reporting FGM cases.

  4. Support for Survivors: Psychological counseling, legal assistance, and rehabilitation services must be widely available.

  5. International Action: Organizations like UNICEF, WHO, and UNFPA have active programs aimed at eradicating FGM by 2030 (as part of the SDGs).

Helpline Numbers and Support Services

India:

  • Childline India (24x7): 1098

  • National Commission for Women (NCW) Helpline: 7827 170 170

  • Police Emergency Number: 100

  • Sahiyo: A non-profit organization actively working to end FGM in India and globally. Website: sahiyo.org

International:

  • UNICEF FGM Hotline (Africa): Varies by country; accessible via local offices

  • United Kingdom: FGM Helpline – 0800 028 3550

  • United States: National Child Abuse Hotline – 1-800-422-4453

  • Australia: 1800RESPECT – 1800 737 732

  • Canada: Talk4Healing (for Indigenous and minority women) – 1-855-554-4325

Conclusion

FGM is not just a cultural practice—it is a form of gender-based violence and a violation of fundamental human rights. Combating it requires collective efforts from governments, civil society, healthcare providers, and community leaders. Through education, advocacy, and support, we can empower women and girls to live free from fear and harm. Ending FGM is not only a moral imperative—it is a step toward achieving true gender equality.

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